12.
《瀑布》(图1)是埃舍尔为人所知的作品.画面两座高塔各有一个几何体,右塔上的几何体首次出现,后称“埃舍尔多面体”(图2).埃舍尔多面体可以用两两垂直且中心重合的三个正方形构造,定义这三个正方形
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EA%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3En%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EB%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3En%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EC%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3En%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3ED%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3En%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmn%3E%28%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3En%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E3%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E%29%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
的顶点为“框架点”,定义两正方形的交线为“极轴”,其端点为“极点”,记为
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EP%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3En%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EQ%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3En%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
, 将极点
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EP%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EQ%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
分别与正方形
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EA%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EB%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EC%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3ED%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
的顶点连线,取其中点记为
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EE%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Em%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EF%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Em%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmn%3E%28%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Em%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E3%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E++%EF%BC%8C+%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmn%3E%29%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
, 如图3.埃舍尔多面体可视部分是由12个四棱锥构成的,这些四棱锥顶点均为“框架点”,底面四边形由两个“极点”与两个“中点”构成,为了便于理解,在图4中构造了其中两个四棱锥
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EA%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EP%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EE%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EP%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EE%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
与
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EA%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EP%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EE%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EP%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E3%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EF%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
, 则直线
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EQ%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EB%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
与平面
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EA%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EE%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3Cmsub%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3EP%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmsub%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
所成角的正弦值为( )
![](//tikupic.21cnjy.com/2022/12/27/42/c2/42c2c12583001b18650e9cb89cd87b10_395x242.png)
![](//tikupic.21cnjy.com/2022/12/27/48/db/48dbfc4593761bbd6dad2a0e01853f1f_607x278.png)