Koshiba had a legendary life. When he was a kid, he dreamed of being a soldier or musician, but his dream was broken when his right hand was damaged by polio(小儿麻痹症).While in the hospital, he read Adlbert Einstein's books and (become) interested in physics. He never made it to the top of his physics class in high school, but went on to study at the University of Tokyo, then the University of Rochester, he earned his PhD. "There are things in the world you can achieve despite poor academic records." Koshiba said. What (count) most is adopting an active attitude toward studying.
Zoos play an important role in the world for conservation and education. They are (particular) important for endangered species. Many animals are critically danger and may go extinct in the wild, but in zoos, they are going wrong. Many others are already extinct in the wild and only animals are kept in zoos survive. Even those critics of zoos often recognize that it is better to have species preserved somewhere than lose them altogether, as animals held in zoos (protect) from serious threat.
(wear) different colors can affect how you feel and how others react to you, so it is important to consider this when deciding to wear in the morning. If you want people to take you seriously, put on navy blue or black. Blue would also be helpful for an interview or oral examination because it relaxes you and makes you feel calm. Red gets you noticed by everyone and make you feel energetic, be careful, as it can raise your heart rate and not everyone want this effect. So think carefully before you leave your house.
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conduct；created； despite；discovered；gained； influential；promising；though |
Tu Youyou is the first Chinese female scientist who was awarded a Nobel Prize.
She studied medicine and a deep knowledge about traditional practices, which enabled her to be chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria in 1969. With the idea that Chinese herbs might hold the secret, Tu Youyou and her team studied some related literature and a lot of researches with limited resources. They used modern research methods to study these Chinese herbs one by one.
After hundreds of failed experiments, they eventually came across a chemical. Tu Youyou bravely volunteered to be the first human subject in the test on humans. The chemical they artemisinin, has now become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
As one of the most figures of science in the 20th Century, she is not interested in fame and she continues to do research today her age. What she did not only saved millions of lives, but also bridged the Eastern and Western worlds.
"I was attacked by a tiger shark in October 1997. It was near my home on the island of Kanai. The waves were really good, so nothing was stopping us."That was until large shark came right up under Mike and 1 his teeth into Mike's lower leg. There'd been no splashing, no noise, and Mike felt no pain, only intense pressure on his 2 body.
As he tried to get himself free, the shark bit down harder, shaking its head back and forth and tossing Mike around like a doll. Mike hit the shark hard in the face, again and again until the shark 3 him. As Mike swam back into shore, he felt his lower right leg spamming(痉挛); when he looked down, he realized it was 4. The shark had bit his lower leg off. Mike's friends came to his aid immediately, and tried to control severe bleeding and rushed him to the hospital.
When Mike opened his eyes, he realized he was in the hospital.
During the next few weeks, Mike researched prosthetics (假肢) and considered the 5.
As soon as Mike was given the OK by his doctors, he did what many of us might consider 6: he started riding the waves again. In fact, his first time back was near the site of his attack. But Mike was unshaken. Instead, he was curious-why was he attacked? Mike 7 that the water had a fishy smell the morning of the attack. Was that what attracted the shark?
His curiosity led him to research sharks, and while he never8 why he became a target, Mike did learn something that would change his life: Humans are far more 9 to sharks than the other way around, Mike tells Reader's Digest. "I watched a documentary called Sharkwater, and I learned about the 10for shark fin soup and the fact that 70 million sharks a year are killed for their fins alone."
His unique situation as a shark survivor empowered him to give sharks a 11, Mike says. He began working with the Hawaii state legislature (立法机关)to help pass a 12 on shark-related products." I partnered with other like-minded shark attack survivors and marine biologists, and we headed to Washington to urge the government to create a nationwide bill protecting sharks."
Women Who Changed Science Forever
This International Women's Day, we're celebrating three women who changed the face of science forever.
Ellen Ochoa
Ellen Ochoa is an American engineer and retired astronaut. She was the first Latina woman to fly in space as part of the crew of the shuttle Discovery in 1993. Ochoa attended San Diego State University and then continued her education at Stanford. Ochoa regards her mother, whose passion for learning kept her in part-time college courses all through Ochoa's childhood, as an important influence on her career.
At the end of her flying career, Ochoa had traveled nearly 1,000 hours in space. From 2012 to 2018, Ochoa served as the director of Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, only the second woman to head up NASA's human spaceflight headquarters.
Mamie Phipps Clark
Mamie Phipps Clark was an American social psychologist (心理学家), who specialized in child development in black children. Born in Arkansas, Clark drew on her early experiences as a black child in the segregated (种族隔离的) American South to help children growing up with the same iniquities.
Clark stated at Howard University in 1934, and went on to complete a PhD in psychology. She and Kenneth, now her husband, were the first two black people to earn PhDs at Columbia. With their funding, she started the famous Doll Test, which showed the negative effects of school segregation on black children.
Anandibai Gopalrao Joshee
Anandibai Jpshee was to become India's first woman physician with a medical degree. When she was young, her father strayed (偏离) from the traditional Hindu belief that women should not receive education and encouraged her to go to school. When she was fifteen, she was determined to study medicine, a choice likely influenced by the loss of an infant son and surviving a serious illness herself. At the Woman's Medical College, Joshee studied devotedly, hoping to return to India to serve other Indian women.
She died in February 1887 at the young age of twenty-one. Despite her short life, Joshee's accomplishments were remarkable for an Indian woman, and her achievements were enough to open the door for other Indian women to quickly follow.
ECycling refers to the recycling of electronic items, which are becoming a common problem in American home and throughout the world. The EPA, or Environmental Protection Agency, has actually started a program to help and motivate the recycling of electronics.
To get the program to the regional and neighborhood levels, the EPA directed "Plug-In to eCyeling Partners." These partnerships support electronic reusing programs in individual communities. They provide local governments, retailers and manufacturers with opportunities to reuse and recycle their items. Those who make and offer electronic devices then promote programs and opportunities for consumers to reuse their second-hand electronic products. One of the EPA's goals is to enlighten customers about why the recycling of electronics is so important. They likewise wish to make eCycling chances easily accessible to specific consumers and their family electronics. According to the EPA, the eCycling program has actually been quite successful. In 2008, the EPA collected 66.5 million pounds of electronic devices through their Plug-In Partners.
Local governments have actually likewise got on board and passed laws intended to handle used electronic devices. Huge corporations have actually introduced eCycling programs at their local retail stores. One seller offers customers small, medium and big boxes for sale, which the customers then load with used electronics and go back to the store. Typically，customers bring their recyclable electronics to a location. When the electronic items are gathered by the EPA(typically this is done byt he Partners), they are reused or recycled.
Reused items are repaired and refurbished, and passed on to others as a contribution. You can repair or recondition your very own electronic devices too, extending the life of the items and conserving the energy of making new materials. Reusing electronic devices includes making use of the products and pats of the items. These materials and parts are then made use of to produce another item. This is more efficient than making items from new materials.
Some items that are commonly eCycled consist of televisions, computer monitors, printers, notebook computer, keyboards and cable televisions. Less usual items include copying machines, CDplayers, voice mail machines, computer hard drives, mobile telephones, remote controls, radios, batteries, telephones, facsimile machines and computer games. Occasionally, electronic items such as microwaves, fans, vacuums, smoke alarms, and toasters are eCycled.
As the eCycling program continues, you or your organization may want to get involved. Check the EPA's internet site (www.epa.gov) for regional eCycling programs, or for details on how your company can participate. Their website has links to organizations that are taking part in the eCycling program.
What role might arts play in response to climate change and related economic and ecological crises?
It's often said that a novel, a painting, a song or a motion picture changed how a lot of people thought or felt about the world. Anthropologists (人类学家) and historians rightly argue that major changes in society have sprung up not from the arts, but from-our relationship to our environment. Nevertheless, artists' efforts help shape the terms by which society adapts to such changes and their consequences. Think of how Beethoven marked the beginnings of modern democracy and the nascent (初期的) Industrial Revolution. Or how Hollywood writers and directors inspired massive support for the U.S. war effort during the early 1940s.
We have stepped into a century in which the societal systems have been built since the start of the Industrial Revolution. Our food system，transport system，energy system，financial system，and possibly our political and governance systems were designed during an era in which fossil fuels met the great quantity of our fast-growing energy demand. But fossil fuels are exhaustible resources, and their reduction will drive evermore desperate methods of extraction (提炼), create evermore environmental risk and require evermore capital-even as alternative energy sources they are also costly. Further, burning fossil fuels changes our planet's climate. So, at the same time our economy will need to be redesigned to run on entirely different energy sources, and the natural world will be shifting around us in unprecedented (空前的) ways, with more frequent disastrous storms, floods, droughts etc.
Everything will be up for negotiation, redesign and change. And artists have the opportunity and duty to translate the resulting tumultuous (动荡的) human experience into words, images, and music that help people not just to understand these events mentally, but also to come to grips with them willingly. The economic and environmental shifts described above are currently being detailed in ever-greater specificity in hundreds of reports released yearly by climate and energy experts. What's missing in their carefully worded journal articles is the human dimensions of imagination, joy or sorrow, inspiration, and passion. Art can help us cope with the possible effects of our collective challenges. It can help prepare society for a possibly painful future. It can give voice to suffering and loss, helping people deal with life's unavoidable stress. And it can also offer beauty, which can be especially important in hard times.
Meaningful art can and must express the chaos we encounter and help us process it mentally and emotionally. To achieve this, artists need to dig deeper, observe more closely and help their audiences connect abstract explanations and forecasts with actual experiences.
Your Food Choices Affect the Earth's Climate
Every action has a cost, even for growing food and delivering it to your dinner plate. A team of researchers has found that meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains. Their calculations suggest that people could do a lot to slow global warming if they limited how much meat they eat.
There are plenty of "costs" of food. As to the visible costs, people pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. However, producing foods also takes resources, for example, the water used to irritate (灌溉) crop fields or the fertilizer and chemicals used to promote plant growth and fight pests.
Peter Scarborough at the University of Oxford in England decided to calculate some of the less-visible pollution created by food production. His team focused on greenhouse gases emitted through the production of our food, including carbon dioxide(CO2), methane(甲烷) and the nitrous oxide. All three gases are important. While CO2 is the greenhouse gas released in the highest volume, methane and nitrous oxide stay in the atmosphere far longer than CO2 does. As such, they are more powerful in warm the earth's atmosphere.
They used a computer to change the methane and nitrous-oxide emissions for each person's diet into its carbon dioxide "equivalent." That's the amount of CO2 needed to warm Earth's atmosphere by the same amount as the methane or nitrous oxide would.
As for the calculations of the carbon dioxide "equivalent(等量)", in the 1990s, a survey asked65,000 adults what they typically had eaten throughout the past year. Scarborough's team fed those data into a computer and then included the amount of green house gases linked with producing nearly100 common foods. Then the computer matched those green house-gas amounts to the mix of foods each person had reported eating.
It shows that the diet of someone whose meals included an average of 50 to 99 grams of meat each day would be responsible for the daily release of 5.6 kilograms of CO2 equivalent while those vegans had the lowest diet-linked greenhouse-gas emissions (2.9 kg of CO2 equivalent).
Its authors conclude that reducing the intake of meat and other animal-based products can make a valuable contribution to climate change reduction. And compared to meat, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources. In places where many people are going hungry, raising meat may make it harder to ensure that everyone gets enough to eat.
Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food.
